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有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施對(duì)鹽漬土供氮特性與作物水氮利用的影響
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國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(51539005)、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51769024)、國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2016YFC0400205)和內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(201602049)


Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Nitrogen Supply and Crop Water and Nitrogen Utilization in Salinized Soils
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    摘要:

    為探究有機(jī)肥替代化肥比例對(duì)不同程度鹽漬化玉米農(nóng)田土壤供氮特性及水氮利用效率的影響,于2018年進(jìn)行了田間試驗(yàn)。選取輕度(0.460dS/m)和中度(0.951dS/m)2種鹽漬化農(nóng)田,以純施氮量240kg/hm2為相同施氮總量進(jìn)行有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施,分別設(shè)置5個(gè)施肥處理(有機(jī)肥占施肥比例分別為0、25%、50%、75%、100%)和1個(gè)空白對(duì)照處理,依次記為U1、U3O1、U1O1、U1O3、O1、CK。結(jié)果表明,同一處理中度鹽漬土氮素礦化量顯著低于輕度鹽漬土。輕度鹽漬土無(wú)機(jī)肥施入比例越大,土壤礦質(zhì)氮釋放速度越快,有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)配施能更好地調(diào)節(jié)玉米生育期氮素的釋放。中度鹽漬土各處理下,生育前期土壤礦質(zhì)氮含量無(wú)顯著差異,增大有機(jī)肥施入比例對(duì)于提高作物生育后期土壤礦質(zhì)氮含量的優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。同一處理中度鹽漬土玉米產(chǎn)量及水氮利用效率較輕度鹽漬土顯著降低,產(chǎn)量下降幅度達(dá)到30.94%~63.90%(P<0.05)。適當(dāng)?shù)挠袡C(jī)肥施入比例能顯著提高作物水氮利用效率,輕度鹽漬土表現(xiàn)出隨有機(jī)肥施入比例增大玉米水氮利用效率呈先升后降的趨勢(shì),中度鹽漬土表現(xiàn)出隨有機(jī)肥施入比例增大玉米水氮利用效率逐漸升高的趨勢(shì)。輕、中度鹽漬土分別以U1O1、O1處理水分利用效率最大,分別較U1處理提高11.84%、27.68%(P<0.05),同時(shí),產(chǎn)量、植株吸氮量、氮收獲指數(shù)、氮肥當(dāng)季回收率、氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力和氮肥農(nóng)學(xué)效率等指標(biāo)也較高。綜合玉米產(chǎn)量、水氮利用效率及生育期土壤礦質(zhì)氮變化規(guī)律,得到河套灌區(qū)玉米適宜的有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)施肥管理模式為:輕度鹽漬土為120kg/hm2有機(jī)肥+120kg/hm2化肥,中度鹽漬土為240kg/hm2有機(jī)肥。

    Abstract:

    Hetao Irrigation District (HID) is a main grain production region in China. Soil salinization and excessive application of chemical fertilizers are main important factors that restricting the food and environmental safety in HID. Reasonable and efficient utilization of fertilizer resources on saline soil to improve crop production efficiency and reduce nonpoint source pollution of nitrogen are the effective ways to relieve the problem. Farmlands with mild (0.460dS/m) and moderate (0.951dS/m) salinization were selected, as a pure nitrogen application rate of 240kg/hm2. The same amount of nitrogen was applied to the different treatments. Five fertilization treatments (the fertilization proportion of organic fertilizer was 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively) and one blank control were provided, which were designated as U1, U3O1, U1O1, U1O3, O1 and CK, respectively. The field experiment was conducted to explore the response of maize yield to organic nitrogen substituting for inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in different salinized soils, and provide scientific basis for reasonable nitrogen management. Main conclusions were as follows: the amount of nitrogen mineralization in moderate saline soil of the same treatment was significantly lower than that of mild saline soil. In mild saline soil, mineral nitrogen contents added with more inorganic fertilizer were much higher in early growth stage, while a steady increase of mineral nitrogen content was found in soil which combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer was added during the whole growth period of maize. In moderate saline soil, there was no significant difference in soil mineral nitrogen content in different treatments at the early growth stage, the increase of applied proportion of organic fertilizer was obvious to the improvement of soil mineral nitrogen content in the later stage of crop growth. The corn yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency in moderate saline soil of the same treatment were significantly lower than those in mild saline soil, and the yield was decreased by 30.94%~63.90%(P<0.05), respectively. The utilization efficiency of water and nitrogen in mild saline soil was increased at first and then decreased, but in moderate saline soil it was increased gradually with the increase of proportion of organic fertilizer. The water use efficiency of mild and moderate saline soil treated with U1O1 and O1 was the highest, which was 11.84% and 27.68% (P<0.05) higher than that of U1, respectively. These two combination also obtained the highest yield, corn N uptake, N harvest index, N recovery, N agronomy efficiency and N partial productivity. Based on the changes of corn yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency and variation of soil mineral nitrogen during growth period, the suitable organic and inorganic fertilizer management models of corn in Hetao Irrigation Area were as follows: mild saline soil should be applied with 120kg/hm2 urea+120kg/hm2 organic fertilizer, and moderate saline soil should be applied with 240kg/hm2 organic fertilizer.

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周慧,史海濱,徐昭,郭珈瑋,付小軍,李正中.有機(jī)無(wú)機(jī)肥配施對(duì)鹽漬土供氮特性與作物水氮利用的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2020,51(4):299-307. ZHOU Hui, SHI Haibin, XU Zhao, GUO Jiawei, FU Xiaojun, LI Zhengzhong. Effects of Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Nitrogen Supply and Crop Water and Nitrogen Utilization in Salinized Soils[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2020,51(4):299-307.

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  • 收稿日期:2019-08-06
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2020-04-10
  • 出版日期: 2020-04-10
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