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免耕直播下秸稈還田方式對夏玉米苗期生長的影響
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國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2017YFD0301303)和安徽省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(1808085QE170)


Effects of Different Seedbed Straw Treatments on Summer Maize Seedling Growth under No-tillage Direct Seeding
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    摘要:

    為了研究小麥秸稈還田后玉米免耕播種方式下種床秸稈處理對玉米苗期形態(tài)特征、群體整齊度的影響,于2018年6月在安徽宿州市皖北綜合試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行了田間試驗(yàn),共設(shè)置條帶淺耕防堵(ST-X)、側(cè)拋覆秸防堵(SMT-Y)、條帶立式淺耕防堵(ST-Z)和條帶深松破茬(SST)4種不同免耕播種方式,測定分析了種床土壤平整度SMN、橫向最大垂直高度差Δh、苗期形態(tài)特征(葉齡、株高、莖粗、單株根系長)以及苗期群體整齊度Q。結(jié)果表明,相較于條帶深松對照組SST,ST-X、SMT-Y、ST-Z的土壤平整度平均值分別降低7.67、16.33、11.00mm,種床土壤平整效果排序?yàn)椋篠MT-Y、ST-Z、ST-X、SST;在相同田間管理?xiàng)l件下,相較于SST,ST-X、SMT-Y、ST-Z的苗期群體整齊度分別提高4.34、11.10、10.18個(gè)百分點(diǎn);隨著種床土壤平整效果變差,玉米苗期株高穩(wěn)定性變異系數(shù)呈現(xiàn)遞增趨勢,其群體整齊度從大到小順序?yàn)椋篠MT-Y、ST-Z、ST-X、SST;側(cè)拋覆秸防堵(SMT-Y)方式種床秸稈覆蓋量大,玉米種子發(fā)芽后難以突破秸稈層,苗期的平均株高、莖粗、根系長度均最低。相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果表明,SMN、Δh與Q之間均呈線性顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(P<0.01),決定系數(shù)分別為0.963和0.914。綜上所述,種床土壤平整效果有助于提高玉米苗期群體整齊度;4種免耕播種方式中,條帶立式淺耕防堵(ST-Z)的免耕播種方式,能夠有效改善耕層土壤結(jié)構(gòu),提供清潔平整的種床,抑制種溝積水澇漬,且促進(jìn)苗期生長,是淮北平原砂姜黑土區(qū)夏玉米免耕直播最適宜的種床秸稈處理方式。

    Abstract:

    In order to address the effects of different seedbed treatment on the morphological characteristics and population uniformity of maize seedlings under no-tillage seeding manners, a field positioning experiment was conducted in June 2018 at the Wanbei Comprehensive Experimental Station in Suzhou, Anhui Province. Four different no-tillage seeding manners were investigated after wheat straw returning to field, including stripe rotary tillage (ST-X), straw mulching tillage (SMT-Y), stripe vertical tillage (ST-Z) and stripe subsoiling tillage (SST). The seedbed soil flatness, transverse maximum height difference, seedling morphological characteristics (leaf age, plant height, stem diameter and root length per plant) and population’s uniformity were determined. Experiment results showed that the average soil flatness of ST-X, SMT-Y and ST-Z was decreased by 7.67mm, 16.33mm and 11.00mm as compared with that of SST of strip subsoiling, respectively, however, only SMT-Y showed significant effect;the seedbed surface flatness from high to low was SMT-Y, ST-Z, ST-X and SST. In addition, the population’s uniformity of maize seedling stage of ST-X, SMT-Y and ST-Z was significantly increased by 4.34, 1.10 and 10.18 percentage points, respectively. The better the surface flatness effect of the seedbed was, the better the population’s uniformity, the worse the soil flatness effect, and the more serious the size of seedlings were. The population’s uniformity from large to small was SMT-Y, ST-Z, ST-X and SST. Due to the large amount of straw covered by the side-slumped (SMT-Y) seedbed, it was difficult to break through the straw layer after germination of maize seeds. Thus the average plant height, the stem diameter and the root length of seedlings were the lowest. Correlation analysis showed that there was a linear and significant negative correlation between soil flatness (SMN), horizontal maximum height difference (Δh) and population’s uniformity of the seedling stage (Q), the correlation coefficients were 0.963 and 0.914, respectively. In summary, the surface flatness effect of the seedbed helped to improve the population’s uniformity of maize seedling stage, the stripe vertical tillage antiblocking manner was preferred among the four no-tillage seeding manners, which could effectively improve the soil structure of plough layer, provide a clean and flat seedbed, inhibit the waterlogging catastrophe of the gully to promote the growth of seedling, therefore this was the most suitable seedbed straw treatment for summer maize no-tillage seeding in Shajiang black soil region of Huaibei Plain.

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王韋韋,吳曉芳,王晴晴,李兆東,張春嶺,陳黎卿.免耕直播下秸稈還田方式對夏玉米苗期生長的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2020,51(5):315-323. WANG Weiwei, WU Xiaofang, WANG Qingqing, LI Zhaodong, ZHANG Chunling, CHEN Liqing. Effects of Different Seedbed Straw Treatments on Summer Maize Seedling Growth under No-tillage Direct Seeding[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2020,51(5):315-323.

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  • 收稿日期:2020-02-04
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2020-05-10
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