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干旱區(qū)降解地膜覆蓋農(nóng)田硝態(tài)氮遷移與利用特征研究
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國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51969024、51669020、51469022)和內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)科技重大專項(xiàng)(zdzx2018059)


Movement and Utilization of Nitrate Nitrogen under Biodegradable Film Mulching in Arid Area
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    摘要:

    為解決塑料地膜覆蓋及撒施氮肥中農(nóng)膜殘留嚴(yán)重和氮肥利用率低的問題,明確干旱區(qū)降解地膜覆蓋與不同施氮量條件下農(nóng)田氮肥的利用特征,在內(nèi)蒙古河套灌區(qū)烏蘭布和農(nóng)場(chǎng)連續(xù)2年進(jìn)行了不同地膜覆蓋及不同施氮量試驗(yàn)。設(shè)置了降解地膜覆蓋農(nóng)田不施氮(BM0,0kg/hm2),基肥施氮量均為56kg/hm2下低氮(BM1,160kg/hm2)、中氮(BM2,220kg/hm2)和高氮(BM3,280kg/hm2)4個(gè)施氮水平,同時(shí)設(shè)置了塑料地膜覆蓋高氮(PM3)和無膜覆蓋高氮(NM3)2個(gè)對(duì)照,共6個(gè)處理,研究了不同地膜覆蓋及不同施氮量對(duì)氮素在土壤中的分布、累積、滲漏及利用效率的影響。結(jié)果表明:0~50cm土層,與塑料地膜覆蓋相比,在第3降解階段(降解膜出現(xiàn)20~50cm裂縫)和第4降解階段(降解膜均勻碎裂),降解地膜覆蓋處理2年平均硝態(tài)氮含量分別降低了9.49%和28.84%;與無膜處理相比,降解地膜覆蓋2年平均硝態(tài)氮含量分別提高了20.46%和25.74%(P<0.05)。整個(gè)生育期降解地膜覆蓋下玉米氮含量僅比塑料地膜覆蓋2年平均降低了2.26%,氮淋失量2年平均降低了3.36%,但玉米氮含量分別比無膜處理提高了8.90%和11.38%,氮淋失量分別提高了22.01%和26.25%。降解地膜與塑料地膜覆蓋下產(chǎn)量無顯著差異,PM3與BM3處理2年平均產(chǎn)量比無膜覆蓋處理分別提高了13.67%和18.38%(P<0.05)。隨著施氮量增加,土壤中硝態(tài)氮含量、玉米氮含量、淋失量和產(chǎn)量增大,BM3處理比BM2和BM1處理在0~30cm土層2年硝態(tài)氮含量增加了49.45%和135.78%,玉米氮含量分別增加了0.78%和24.54%,氮淋失量2年平均分別增加了84.08%和255.37%(P<0.05),2年平均產(chǎn)量分別增加了0.16%和35.37%(P<0.05)。追肥施氮量為220kg/hm2的BM2處理的氮肥綜合效率最高,每施用1kg氮肥可以出產(chǎn)27.99kg玉米,為該地區(qū)降解地膜覆蓋下較優(yōu)的施肥模式。

    Abstract:

    The plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application are important agricultural patterns in arid area, which lead to serious residual plastic film in soil and low nitrogen use efficiency. The biodegradable film mulching and optimal nitrogen application can solve these problems. Different film mulching and different nitrogen application levels treatments were set, and experiment was carried out in both years in the farm of Wulanbuhe, Hetao Irrigation District. Four kinds of nitrogen levels under biodegradable film mulching was applied, including no nitrogen (BM0 for 0kg/hm2), low nitrogen (BM1 for 160kg/hm2), medium nitrogen (BM2 for 220kg/hm2) and high nitrogen (BM3 for 280kg/hm2). The base fertilizer nitrogen rate of low nitrogen, medium nitrogen and high nitrogen all were 56kg/hm2, and high nitrogen with plastic film mulching (PM3) and high nitrogen with no mulching (NM3) treatment as controls were used, so there was six treatments in all. The effects of different film mulching and different nitrogen application rates on the distribution, accumulation, leaking and utilization efficiency of nitrogen in soil were studied. The results showed that the average nitrate content for biodegradable film mulching in the 0~50cm soil layer was decreased by 9.49% and 28.84%, respectively, in the third and fourth degradation stages compared with plastic film mulching, but it was increased by 20.46% and 25.74% for biodegradable film mulching compared with no film mulching (P<0.05). The corn nitrogen content for biodegradable film mulching was only 2.26% lower than that of plastic film mulching and 3.36% lower for nitrogen leaching during the whole corn growth stage. However, the corn nitrogen content was increased by 8.90% and 11.38% for biodegradable and plastic film mulching than that of no film mulching, respectively, and 22.01% and 26.25% increased for nitrogen leaching. There was no significant difference in yield between biodegradable film mulching and plastic film mulching, which was 13.67% and 18.38% higher than that of no film mulching, respectively (P<0.05). The soil nitrate content, corn nitrogen content, nitrogen leaching and yield were all increased with the increase of nitrogen application amounts, and the nitrate content in 0~30cm soil layer was increased by 49.45% and 135.78% for BM3 compared with those of BM2 and BM1, and increased by 0.78% and 24.54% for nitrogen content in corn, 84.08% and 255.37% increase for nitrogen leaching (P<0.05), and 0.16% and 35.37% increase for corn yield (P<0.05). The BM2 treatment (topdressing with 220kg/hm2) had the highest combined efficiency of nitrogen, and the application of 1kg nitrogen fertilizer can produce 27.99kg corn, which was the best fertilization pattern in this area under biodegradable film mulching.

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李仙岳,冷旭,張景俊,胡小東,樊小芹.干旱區(qū)降解地膜覆蓋農(nóng)田硝態(tài)氮遷移與利用特征研究[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2020,51(7):294-303. LI Xianyue, LENG Xu, ZHANG Jingjun, HU Xiaodong, FAN Xiaoqin. Movement and Utilization of Nitrate Nitrogen under Biodegradable Film Mulching in Arid Area[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2020,51(7):294-303.

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  • 收稿日期:2019-10-27
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2020-07-10
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