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秸稈覆蓋還田及腐解率對(duì)土壤溫濕度與玉米產(chǎn)量的影響
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黑龍江省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(LH2019E073)和黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué)三橫三縱支持計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(TDJH201808)


Effects of Straw Mulching and Decomposition Rate on Soil Temperature and Humidity and Maize Yield
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    摘要:

    為探究東北黑土區(qū)秸稈覆蓋還田及其腐解率對(duì)土壤溫濕度和玉米產(chǎn)量的影響,2019年和2020年在大慶市肇州縣進(jìn)行了秸稈覆蓋全量還田(試驗(yàn)組)和留茬10cm左右還田處理(對(duì)照組)對(duì)比試驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明:試驗(yàn)組秸稈腐解率4月僅為4.3%和4.5%,5月為17.8%和16.8%,6月為22.3%和27.8%,秸稈腐解主要集中在7、8月。土壤溫濕度受地表殘余秸稈影響較為明顯,5月試驗(yàn)組土壤含水率比對(duì)照組分別低1.2、1.1個(gè)百分點(diǎn),但隨著秸稈腐解率增大,試驗(yàn)組土壤含水率在6—9月平均高出對(duì)照組約3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。試驗(yàn)組0cm處土壤溫度在5—8月日間大氣升溫階段受到抑制,相同時(shí)段溫度與對(duì)照組最大差值為4.8、3.8℃,10、20cm處土壤溫度在5、6月受地表秸稈覆蓋影響較為明顯,7—9月影響不顯著,30cm處土壤溫度除6月影響明顯外,其他月份相比對(duì)照組變化較小。在每天大氣降溫時(shí)段,試驗(yàn)組不同深度處的土壤溫度降溫較對(duì)照組平緩,保溫保墑作用較明顯。地表秸稈覆蓋影響作物出苗,試驗(yàn)組比對(duì)照組出苗分別晚4、3d,在拔節(jié)期對(duì)照組比試驗(yàn)組的作物株高分別高7.3、7.4cm,莖粗大0.2、0.1cm,但在抽穗期和灌漿期試驗(yàn)組的株高和莖粗均大于對(duì)照組;2019年試驗(yàn)組的玉米產(chǎn)量為10716.0kg/hm2,比對(duì)照組增產(chǎn)193.5kg/hm2。綜合分析,秸稈覆蓋還田對(duì)土壤溫濕度具有雙向阻礙作用,秸稈腐解程度對(duì)雙向阻礙作用有一定影響,秸稈覆蓋全量還田的保溫保墑作用促進(jìn)了玉米的生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)量提升。

    Abstract:

    In order to explore the effects of straw mulching and decomposition rate on soil temperature, humidity, and maize yield in northeast black soil region, comparative experiments were conducted between total straw mulching (experimental group) and leave stubble treatment of about 10cm straw mulching (compared group) in Zhaozhou County of Daqing City in 2019 and 2020. The results showed that the decomposition rate of straw of the experimental group was only 4.3% and 4.5% in April, 17.8% and 16.8% in May, 22.3% and 27.8% in June, and the decomposition of straw was mainly concentrated in July to August. The soil temperature and humidity were significantly affected by residual straw on the ground, and the soil moisture content of the experimental group was 1.2 percentage points and 1.1 percentage points lower than that of the compared group in May. However, with the increase of straw decomposition rate, the average soil moisture content of the experimental group was about 3 percentage points higher than that in the compared group from June to September. From May to August, the soil temperature at 0cm was restrained during diurnal warming phase, and the maximum difference between experimental group and compared group respectively was 4.8℃ and 3.8℃ in the same period. The soil temperature at 10cm and 20cm was evidently affected by the straw mulching in May and June, and was not significant from July to September. Compared with the compared group, the effect of soil temperature at 30cm was significantly affected in June, but it was changed little in other months. During the daily cooling period, the soil temperature at different depths in the experimental group was decreased more gently than that in the compared group, and the effect of soil temperature preservation and soil moisture preservation was obvious. The straw mulching affected the crop emergence, the crop emergence of the experimental group affected by straw mulching was 4d and 3d later than that of the experimental group. At jointing stage, the plant height of the compared group was 7.3cm and 7.4cm higher than that of the experimental group, and the stem diameter was 0.2cm and 0.1cm thicker than that of the experimental group, respectively. However, the plant height and stem diameter of the experimental group were higher than those of the compared group at other stage. The maize yield of the experimental group was 10716.0 kg/hm2 in 2019, which was 193.5kg/hm2 higher than that of the compared group. In conclusion, the straw returned by crushing and mulching had a two-way hindrance effect on soil temperature and humidity, and the degree of straw decomposition had a certain impact on the two-way hindrance effect. The effect of straw mulching on heat preservation and soil moisture preservation promoted the growth and yield of corn.

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馬永財(cái),滕達(dá),衣淑娟,劉少東,王漢羊.秸稈覆蓋還田及腐解率對(duì)土壤溫濕度與玉米產(chǎn)量的影響[J].農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2021,52(10):90-99. MA Yongcai, TENG Da, YI Shujuan, LIU Shaodong, WANG Hanyang. Effects of Straw Mulching and Decomposition Rate on Soil Temperature and Humidity and Maize Yield[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2021,52(10):90-99.

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  • 收稿日期:2021-08-01
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  • 在線發(fā)布日期: 2021-08-24
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